Real-time applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP) prefer UDP (User Datagram Protocol) due to its speed and low overhead. UDP is a connectionless protocol that offers fast data transmission, making it suitable for applications where a small amount of data loss can be tolerated.

Connection-Oriented Communication is a feature of the transport layer, particularly in protocols like TCP. It ensures that data is reliably transmitted, and in the event of network disruptions or outages, the connection can be reestablished, and the file transfer can resume without data loss.

Fiber Optic Cable is considered the most robust transmission medium. It uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as pulses of light, making it immune to electromagnetic interference and highly durable, making it suitable for harsh environments.

A CIDR notation of /16 in an IPv4 address means that the first 16 bits are used for the network prefix. This notation is used to represent the subnet mask and the network prefix in IPv4 addresses.

When devices on the network send data to an unexpected MAC address while the IP address is correct, it could be indicative of ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Spoofing. ARP Spoofing is a type of attack where an attacker associates their MAC address with another device's IP address, redirecting traffic meant for that IP address to the attacker's system. This can lead to a security breach. DNS Hijacking, IP Spoofing, and Packet Fragmentation are different issues with distinct characteristics.

Port Numbers are responsible for directing a piece of data to a specific process running on a machine. Ports allow multiple processes on the same machine to use network resources simultaneously.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is a path vector routing protocol used on the internet for routing between different autonomous systems. It's crucial for inter-domain routing and helps in making core routing decisions.

The primary purpose of flow control in computer networks is to prevent data loss and overwhelming receivers. Flow control mechanisms and methods help regulate the pace of data transmission to ensure that the receiver can process and acknowledge data effectively, preventing network congestion and data loss.

Coaxial Cable is commonly used for cable TV. It is susceptible to electromagnetic interference due to its copper core and outer shielding. This interference can affect signal quality, but its affordability and bandwidth make it a popular choice for cable television.

To achieve redirection from "www.example.com" to "example.com," the startup should configure a CNAME (Canonical Name) record. A CNAME record points one domain name to another, effectively allowing multiple domain names to resolve to the same website.