Market research involves the systematic gathering and analysis of market data and consumer behavior to understand current market conditions and predict future trends. It helps businesses identify opportunities and threats in the market, enabling them to make informed decisions about their products, services, and strategies. By analyzing market data and consumer behavior, businesses can identify emerging industry trends and adjust their strategies accordingly to stay competitive and meet the changing needs and preferences of their target audience.

Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) automatically adjusts the number of replica pods in a Kubernetes cluster based on resource usage metrics, such as CPU and memory utilization. By dynamically scaling resources up or down, HPA ensures efficient resource allocation, optimizes application performance, and maintains reliability during peak loads. Its integration with Kubernetes' declarative configuration simplifies management and enables seamless scalability for cloud-native applications.

Virtual memory is a technique used by operating systems to extend available memory by storing data temporarily on disk storage. When RAM is full, less frequently accessed data is moved from RAM to a space on the hard drive called the swap file or paging file. This frees up RAM for other processes, allowing the system to run more programs simultaneously.

Preemption is a method used by operating systems to ensure fairness and responsiveness by forcibly interrupting processes that exceed their allocated time slice, preventing them from monopolizing the CPU.

A Primary Key is a column or set of columns in a database table that uniquely identifies each record. It ensures data integrity and facilitates efficient querying and retrieval of data.

Risk management in project planning involves identifying potential risks, assessing their impact, and developing strategies to mitigate them. This helps in avoiding project delays, budget overruns, and quality issues.

Active listening involves fully concentrating on what is being said rather than just passively 'hearing' the message. It involves techniques such as paraphrasing, summarizing, and reflecting back the speaker's words to ensure understanding.

The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias wherein individuals with low ability or knowledge tend to overestimate their own competence relative to others. This occurs due to a lack of metacognitive skills, leading them to be unable to recognize their own incompetence. Essentially, those with limited knowledge or skills may believe they are much more proficient than they actually are.

Agile methodology focuses on iterative development, where projects are broken down into small increments and developed in short cycles. In contrast, the Waterfall model follows a sequential approach, where each phase is completed before moving to the next one. Agile allows for flexibility and changes in requirements, while Waterfall requires extensive upfront planning.

Negotiation is primarily about achieving a win-win outcome where both parties benefit from the agreement. This fosters long-term relationships and mutual trust, leading to continued cooperation.