When a value is passed to a function by value, a copy of the actual value is passed to the function. Changes made to the parameter inside the function do not affect the original value.

When you declare an array like int arr[10], it allocates memory for 10 integers.

In C programming, structures are used to group variables of different data types into a single unit. They allow you to create a composite data type, which is useful for organizing related information. This helps in better organization and management of data in your program.

When using recursion in C, one potential issue to consider is a stack overflow error. Recursion can lead to a rapidly growing stack, which may exhaust the available memory and cause a program to crash.

The concept crucial to dynamically allocate memory for an array and allow the user to specify the size at runtime is "Pointers." Pointers are used to manage memory dynamically in C. Structures, Arrays, and Functions are not directly related to this task.

To avoid a dangling pointer issue, it's a good practice to set the pointer to NULL after freeing the memory it points to. This way, the pointer won't accidentally be accessed, preventing potential issues.

Option A is the correct answer. Inlining small functions can potentially speed up the execution by reducing the overhead of function calls. It doesn't significantly change the logic of the program. Options B, C, and D are not the best approaches for optimizing the program.

In C, you can use an array of function pointers to call different functions based on the index. Function pointers point to functions, making it possible to create arrays of functions and select them dynamically.

The correct option is b) puts(). This function is used to print a string to the standard output, followed by a newline character.

Function pointers in C allow you to call a function by its name dynamically, making it possible to call functions without knowing their names at compile time.