In AngularJS, errors while making HTTP requests to an external API can be handled using error callback functions. When working with promises, developers can attach an error callback to handle any errors that occur during the HTTP request. This ensures a graceful handling of errors and provides an opportunity to notify users or take appropriate actions based on the error type. Understanding how to handle errors in asynchronous operations is a critical skill for AngularJS developers working with external APIs.

AngularJS optimizes DOM manipulation using directives like ng-show and ng-if by employing Virtual DOM manipulation. Instead of directly manipulating the actual DOM, AngularJS creates a virtual representation of the DOM in memory. Changes are made to this virtual DOM, and then AngularJS efficiently updates the actual DOM based on the differences. This minimizes the number of DOM manipulations, leading to better performance in AngularJS applications.

When integrating with an external API in AngularJS, the typical format used for data exchange is JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). JSON is a lightweight and readable data interchange format that is easy to work with in JavaScript applications. AngularJS developers often parse JSON responses from APIs and format data as JSON when making requests, ensuring compatibility and efficient data transfer.

Improper use of dependency injection in AngularJS, such as injecting unnecessary dependencies into components, can lead to performance issues. This can result in increased memory consumption and slower application performance. It's essential to understand the appropriate use of dependency injection to optimize performance in AngularJS applications.

In large AngularJS applications, deeper scope hierarchies can have negative implications on performance. This is because the $digest cycle needs to traverse through the entire scope hierarchy to detect and update changes. Deeper hierarchies result in more watches to check, leading to increased computational overhead. Optimizing scope hierarchy is crucial for maintaining optimal performance in large AngularJS applications.

Promises in AngularJS play a key role in managing asynchronous operations, especially when working with external APIs. They provide a way to handle the asynchronous nature of data retrieval and processing. Promises help in organizing code, making it more readable and maintainable by allowing developers to chain operations and handle success and error conditions separately. This is an essential concept for developers building AngularJS applications that interact with external services.

In this scenario, the most suitable AngularJS directive is ng-if. The ng-if directive conditionally renders or removes the associated HTML element based on the truthiness of the provided expression. It is ideal for situations where you want to dynamically show or hide content based on user input, ensuring efficient DOM manipulation. Understanding the use of ng-if is essential for creating responsive and dynamic user interfaces in AngularJS applications.

In a complex event handling case in AngularJS, controllers can interact with services to update application data by combining $emit and $on for bidirectional communication. Controllers can emit events, and services can listen for these events to perform data updates. Conversely, services can emit events, and controllers can listen for updates. This bidirectional communication ensures that controllers and services can seamlessly cooperate to keep the application data in sync. Understanding this advanced event handling scenario is essential for managing complex AngularJS applications.

Two-way data binding in AngularJS aids form validations in an e-commerce application by providing instant error feedback. As users input data, AngularJS immediately validates it against defined rules, and any errors are instantly communicated to the user, enhancing the user experience. This real-time feedback reduces the need for server-round trips and ensures a smoother validation process in the client-side form.

In AngularJS, modules are created using the angular.module() method. This method is essential for organizing and structuring AngularJS applications. Modules help in managing dependencies, organizing code, and promoting modularity. Understanding how to create and use modules is crucial for building scalable and maintainable AngularJS applications.