On a typical 32-bit system, the 'int' data type in C++ has a size of 4 bytes. This means it can store integer values within the range of approximately -2 billion to 2 billion.

Alex should use a do-while loop for this purpose. A do-while loop executes a block of code at least once and then repeats it based on a condition. It's ideal for menu-driven programs because it ensures that the menu is displayed at least once, even if the user chooses to exit immediately.

The for loop is best suited for scenarios where the number of iterations is known beforehand. It's a compact loop structure that allows you to initialize a variable, define a condition, and specify an increment or decrement in a single line. This makes it ideal for loops with a fixed number of iterations, such as iterating through arrays or performing a set number of calculations.

When a floating-point number is assigned to an integer type in C++, the value will be truncated. This means that the fractional part of the floating-point number is discarded, and only the whole number part is stored in the integer variable. It's essential to be aware of this behavior to prevent unexpected results in your code.

To keep function declarations separate from their definitions in C++, Ethan can use header files (.h) for declarations and source files (.cpp) for definitions. This practice enhances code organization, reusability, and maintainability in large projects.

One reason for Bob's compiled program size to increase after marking lengthy functions as inline is code duplication. When functions are marked as inline, their code is replicated at each call site. If the function is lengthy and called from multiple places, this can lead to increased code size. It's essential to strike a balance between inlining for performance and avoiding excessive code duplication.

In C/C++, if there's no break statement at the end of a case in a switch statement, the control will continue to execute the next case statements without any regard for the case conditions. This behavior is known as "fall-through." It's important to use break statements to avoid unintended fall-through.

In a switch statement in C++, each "case" ends with the "break" keyword. The "break" statement is crucial in switch statements to prevent fall-through, meaning that once a case is matched and its code block is executed, the program exits the switch block.

The standard signature for the main function in C# and many other programming languages returns an integer and accepts two arguments, typically string[] args for command-line arguments.

In C++, the conditional operator "?:" is commonly known as the ternary operator. It is a shorthand way to write conditional expressions and is often used to assign values based on a condition. The operator takes three operands: a condition, a value if the condition is true, and a value if the condition is false.

In C++, to store the value of pi up to several decimal places, you would typically use the double data type. The double data type provides greater precision compared to float or int, making it suitable for representing the value of pi with more decimal places.

For a function whose return type is deduced at the time of its invocation, the keyword 'auto' is used. This is part of the C++11 feature where the compiler determines the return type based on the function's implementation. It allows for more flexible and concise code.