The '%' operator in C++ is called the modulus operator. It is used to determine the remainder of a division operation between two integers. For example, '7 % 3' will return 1 as the remainder.

When a pointer is passed by value to a function, the function gets a copy of the pointer. This means that the function can modify the data at the address the pointer points to, but it cannot change the address of the original pointer itself.

In C++, when a class inherits from multiple base classes, each base class will have its own virtual table. Thus, an object of the derived class will have separate virtual tables for each inherited class to handle dynamic dispatch for function calls, ensuring correct method resolution.

In C++, the members of a structure (struct) are public by default. This means they can be accessed from functions outside the structure. This is in contrast to the members of a class, which are private by default and cannot be accessed or viewed outside of the class.

In C++, the long long int data type is designed to store very large integers. It can typically store at least 64 bits, allowing for a wide range of integer values far beyond the standard int.

The noexcept specifier in C++11 and later indicates that a function does not throw exceptions. If such a function does throw an exception, the program will terminate (usually by calling std::terminate). This can be a useful optimization hint for the compiler.

The bool data type is specifically designed in C++ to store boolean values, which can be either true or false. Using other data types like int, char, or double for boolean values would be inefficient and not semantically clear. Thus, bool is the most appropriate choice for this purpose.

In C++11 and later, enum class (or "strongly typed enumerations") was introduced. Unlike traditional enums, the enumerators of an enum class are not exported to the surrounding scope, thus preventing name clashes. This essentially gives them a "scoped" behavior. This feature enhances type safety and code clarity.

Explicit template instantiation can help reduce compilation times by instructing the compiler to instantiate the templates in a specific source file rather than whenever they're used. This can help reduce redundancy and speed up the compilation of large projects that heavily rely on templates.

A friend function in C++ is a special function that, although not a member of a class, has access to its private and protected members. This is used to allow non-member functions and other classes to access such members.

When a break statement is encountered within a nested loop, it only exits the loop in which it's directly contained, i.e., the innermost loop. It does not affect any outer enclosing loops.

Enums in C++ are treated as integer types. Their actual size can vary based on the compiler and the number of values they hold, but typically, they have the size of an int. C++11 introduced scoped enumerations (enum class) that offer better type safety, but fundamentally, they're still integers.