The primary purpose of classes in JavaScript is to facilitate object creation and define blueprints for objects. Classes act as templates for creating objects with shared properties and methods, enhancing code organization and reusability. While JavaScript does have constants, error handling, and loops, these are not the primary purposes of classes.

The innerHTML property is commonly used to change the text content of an HTML element using JavaScript. It allows you to set the HTML content of an element, including its text. For example, you can use element.innerHTML = "New Text" to change the content of an element.

When a superclass is aware of its subclasses, it violates the principle of encapsulation. Encapsulation refers to the concept of bundling data and the methods that operate on that data into a single unit or class. In object-oriented programming, classes should not have direct knowledge of their subclasses to promote loose coupling and maintainability. Instead, subclasses should inherit behavior and attributes from the superclass without the superclass needing to know specific details about its subclasses. Violating this principle can lead to code that is less flexible and harder to maintain.

"Event bubbling" in JavaScript refers to the process where events that occur on child elements are also propagated or "bubbled" up to their parent elements in the Document Object Model (DOM). This allows you to capture events at higher levels in the DOM hierarchy. Understanding event bubbling is crucial for event handling in JavaScript.

The initial version of JavaScript was created in just 10 days by Brendan Eich in September 1995. This rapid development was possible due to the language's concise design and its primary purpose of enhancing web page interactivity.

The correct answer is Promise.race(). This method takes an iterable of promises and returns a new promise that settles as soon as one of the input promises resolves or rejects. It's useful when you want to perform an action as soon as any of several asynchronous tasks completes.

To prevent the browser from freezing during a long-running while loop, you should use asynchronous code and setTimeout to break the loop into smaller chunks. This allows the browser to handle other tasks and prevents the UI from becoming unresponsive. This approach follows the principles of non-blocking and responsive UI in web development.

The concept of creating a single function or method that can operate on multiple types of objects is known as "Polymorphism." In JavaScript, polymorphism can be achieved through method overriding and dynamic method binding, enabling different objects to respond to the same method in a way that suits their specific type.

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is the API that allows you to make non-simple requests (such as those with custom headers or methods) to another domain in JavaScript while considering the Same-Origin Policy. XMLHttpRequest is an older alternative but has limitations compared to CORS. JSONP is a workaround technique, not an API, and WebSocket is used for full-duplex communication, not for cross-origin requests.

To manage successive data retrieval operations in a clean and maintainable manner, you can use the "Async/Await" approach in JavaScript. Async/Await simplifies asynchronous code and makes it look more like synchronous code, which can significantly enhance code readability and maintainability. It allows you to write asynchronous code in a more sequential style, making it easier to handle multiple asynchronous operations.

The common problem addressed by using asynchronous code in JavaScript is the avoidance of blocking the main thread. Blocking the main thread can lead to unresponsive user interfaces, making the application seem slow or frozen. Asynchronous code helps prevent this issue by allowing non-blocking execution of tasks.

Brendan Eich is credited as the main developer behind JavaScript's creation. He created JavaScript while working at Netscape Communications in 1995. His contributions to the language's design and development have had a lasting impact on web development.