When you declare an array like int arr[10], it allocates memory for 10 integers.

When a value is passed to a function by value, a copy of the actual value is passed to the function. Changes made to the parameter inside the function do not affect the original value.

Function pointers in C can be used to implement callbacks. By passing a function pointer as an argument to another function, you can dynamically specify the function to be called, enabling flexibility in callback implementations.

To resize a previously allocated memory block in C, the function realloc() is used. It allows you to change the size of the memory block while preserving the existing data. malloc() and calloc() are used for initial memory allocation, and free() deallocates memory.

This type of pointer error is called a "dangling pointer error." It occurs when a pointer is accessed after it has been freed or deallocated, leading to undefined behavior and segmentation faults.

The strcpy function in C copies a string to a destination buffer without checking the length, which can lead to buffer overflow if the source string is longer than the destination buffer. This can result in overwriting adjacent memory, causing potential security vulnerabilities or program crashes.

When a floating-point number is declared using the 'long double' keyword in C, it allows for more precision than a regular 'float' or 'double'.

In this scenario, the strstr function is appropriate for searching for a specific word within a text. It returns a pointer to the first occurrence of the specified word in the text, allowing you to check if it exists. strrev reverses a string, strlen provides the length of a string, and strcat concatenates strings.

Nested structures can be used to represent complex data relationships. In this context, they can be used to create a structure for students that contains another structure for their enrolled courses. This allows for efficient storage and retrieval of information about students and their courses.

In C programming, a function that calls itself and the recursive call is the last operation before it returns is known as "Tail" recursion. Tail recursion is an efficient form of recursion as it allows the compiler to optimize the function calls and avoid unnecessary overhead.

The impact on memory usage when using pointers to structures depends on how the pointers are used. When used wisely, pointers can reduce memory usage because they allow for more efficient data manipulation without creating redundant copies. However, improper use can lead to memory leaks or increased memory usage. It's important to manage memory properly when working with pointers to structures.

Pointers in C can be used to dynamically allocate memory for structures, which is essential for creating flexible data structures and managing memory efficiently.