NAT (Network Address Translation) can hide the internal IP addresses of devices in a private network from external networks, providing an additional layer of security. It acts as a barrier between the internal network and the public internet, making it harder for external threats to directly access internal devices.

If a packet doesn't reach its destination within a certain timeframe or is not acknowledged by the receiver, the transport layer considers it lost and may trigger retransmission to ensure the delivery of the packet.

The process of establishing a connection, transmitting data, and then terminating the connection is characteristic of the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). TCP is a reliable, connection-oriented protocol used in many network applications, ensuring data integrity and order.

Mesh Topology is a network layout where every device connects directly to every other device. This provides the highest level of redundancy and fault tolerance but can be expensive to implement and maintain.

The Hamming distance is used to determine the number and location of errors in error-correcting codes. It measures the number of differing bits between two binary sequences and helps identify the exact bit positions that need correction. A smaller Hamming distance indicates a better error-correcting capability of the code.

After the three-way handshake is completed by the server receiving an ACK (Acknowledgment) from the client, the server can start sending data over the established connection. This data transfer phase follows the initial connection setup.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) is commonly used for email clients that download messages from the server and delete them from the server after retrieval. It's a one-way communication protocol for email.

Julia should use a VPN (Virtual Private Network). A VPN allows users to securely connect to their company's network over the internet, providing consistent and secure connectivity, no matter where Julia is located. It ensures that her data is encrypted and private.

MAC in MAC Address stands for "Media Access Control." It is a hardware address that uniquely identifies each node on a network, and it's used to control access to the network medium.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a network that typically covers a city or a large campus. It has a larger geographic scope than a LAN (Local Area Network) but is smaller than a WAN (Wide Area Network). MANs are often used by service providers to connect multiple LANs within a city.

The online retailer should implement SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security). SSL/TLS protocols provide encryption and authentication for secure data transmission over the public internet, ensuring data privacy and security during transactions.

The correct option is "MAC Address Table." Switches use the MAC Address Table to map MAC addresses to specific switch ports. When a frame arrives at the switch, it consults this table to determine which port to forward the frame to based on the MAC address of the destination device.