C++ supports data hiding primarily through the use of private and protected access specifiers. Private members are strictly inaccessible from outside the class, while protected members are accessible in derived classes. This mechanism is more flexible compared to some languages that might use other strategies.

In C++, a constructor is a special member function that is automatically called when an object is instantiated. Its primary purpose is to initialize the object's attributes.

The Command Pattern encapsulates a command request as an object, allowing the parameters to be passed, queued, and executed at a later time. This makes the code modular, maintainable, and ensures decoupling between classes that invoke operations from those that perform operations.

The auto keyword for automatic type deduction was introduced in C++11. It allows the compiler to automatically deduce the type of a variable based on its initializer, enhancing code readability and maintainability.

C++ typically handles template instantiation on a per-translation unit basis. This means each translation unit will have its own instance of the template. Linkers are smart enough to discard duplicate instances, ensuring that only one instance remains in the final executable.

The failbit is a status flag in C++ streams that indicates a file operation failed. When working with file I/O in C++, it's crucial to check this flag (or use functions like fail()) to determine if a particular operation has encountered an error.

The break statement in C++ is used to exit the loop immediately, bypassing the rest of the loop's code and any remaining iterations. This can be especially useful for exiting a loop when a specific condition is met.

When parameters are passed by reference to a function, the function can modify the original values of those parameters. By passing additional parameters by reference, a function can effectively "return" more than one value without relying on composite data structures like tuples or pairs. This method is often used for out parameters in functions.

C++ source files typically have the extension ".cpp", although other extensions like ".cc" or ".cxx" are also used sometimes.

A memory leak in C++ occurs when programmers allocate memory (typically using the new operator) but forget to deallocate it (using the delete operator). This causes the program to consume memory resources continuously, which might lead to system slowdowns or crashes.

The "tellg()" function in C++ is used to get the current position of the file pointer in a file when working with input operations. It returns the current position of the reading cursor within the file, which is useful for various file handling tasks.

The "fstream" class in C++ is suitable for both input and output operations. This means you can use it for both reading from and writing to files. In contrast, "ifstream" is specifically for input (reading) and "ofstream" is for output (writing).