When a function calls 'panic()' in Go, it halts the normal execution flow, triggers a panic, and starts unwinding the stack, executing deferred functions along the way. This typically leads to program termination unless the panic is recovered.

In Go, error values are commonly checked against the error interface to determine if they are non-nil. The error interface is the built-in interface type in Go that represents an error condition. It is defined as type error interface { Error() string }, which means any type that implements a method Error() string satisfies the error interface.

Anonymous functions are commonly used in Go for concurrency purposes, such as spawning goroutines and implementing callback functions.

Prioritizing testing based on critical functionalities ensures that the most important parts of the codebase are thoroughly tested, reducing the risk of critical bugs in production. It also helps in stabilizing the application by addressing potential issues early in the development cycle.

GoTest is commonly used in the Go programming language to measure code coverage. It is a built-in tool that provides functionality for writing and running test suites. By using GoTest with appropriate flags, developers can generate coverage reports that show which parts of their codebase are covered by tests. This helps ensure that critical code paths are adequately tested and can aid in identifying areas that require additional test coverage.

In Go, JSON data is commonly represented using structs, where each field in the struct corresponds to a key-value pair in the JSON object.

Reflection in Go refers to the ability of a program to examine its own structure, particularly types. It allows for dynamic type introspection and modification at runtime. This feature is useful in scenarios such as implementing generic algorithms, serialization, and parsing.

Database connection pooling optimizes connection usage in a Go application. Rather than opening and closing database connections for each query, it maintains a pool of connections that can be reused, reducing the overhead of establishing new connections and improving performance.

Middleware functions in Go typically have access to both the request and response objects, allowing them to inspect and manipulate both the request and response. This access facilitates tasks such as authentication, logging, adding headers, modifying payloads, etc., within the middleware layer before passing the request to the main handler. It enhances flexibility and enables centralized processing of common functionalities.

In Go, the net/http package is commonly used for implementing middleware in web applications. Middleware functions in Go are functions that process incoming HTTP requests before passing them on to the main request handler.

In Go unit testing, 't.Error' and 't.Fatal' both are used to report test failures. However, 't.Error' allows the test to continue its execution after reporting the error, whereas 't.Fatal' stops the execution of the test immediately upon encountering the error. This subtle difference is crucial, especially when you want to continue testing after encountering an error ('t.Error') or halt further testing upon encountering a critical failure ('t.Fatal').

In Go, the 'panic()' function is used to cause a runtime panic, which stops normal execution of the current goroutine and begins panicking. Unlike 'defer', 'panic()' cannot be deferred and is limited to the goroutine in which it is called.