In the context of machine learning, what is a time series?
- A series of chronological events
- A list of sorted numbers
- A collection of images
- A data structure
A time series is a series of chronological events or data points collected or recorded at equally spaced time intervals. It's commonly used for forecasting and analysis.
Which component of a GAN is responsible for generating new data samples?
- Discriminator
- Loss Function
- Optimizer
- Generator
The Generator component in a GAN is responsible for generating new data samples. It tries to create data indistinguishable from real data to deceive the Discriminator.
If a classifier predicts the positive class perfectly but struggles with the negative class, the ________ might still be high due to the imbalance.
- AUC-ROC
- Accuracy
- F1 Score
- True Positive Rate
If a classifier predicts the positive class perfectly but struggles with the negative class, the Accuracy might still be high due to class imbalance. Accuracy can be misleading in imbalanced datasets because it doesn't account for the unequal distribution of classes. F1 Score and AUC-ROC are more robust metrics in such cases.
Which command is used to lock a user's account in Linux?
- passwd -l
- usermod -L
- lockuser -u
- userlock -a
The correct command to lock a user's account in Linux is passwd -l. This command will place an "!" in front of the user's password hash in the /etc/shadow file, preventing them from logging in. It's a security measure to temporarily or permanently disable a user's account.
The exit status of the last command executed is stored in the _________ variable.
- $!
- $@
- $?
- $_
The exit status of the last command executed is stored in the $? variable. This value is important for checking whether a command or script ran successfully (0) or encountered an error (non-zero).
You are a system administrator and notice that users are able to use simple passwords. Which tool or command would you use to enforce complex password policies?
- passwd
- chsh
- pam_tally2
- passwdqc
To enforce complex password policies, you can use the passwdqc tool. passwdqc is a password complexity checking and policy enforcement tool that can help you ensure that users create strong passwords by setting specific requirements such as length, character classes, and more.
In Bash scripting, what does the && operator signify?
- Logical AND operator
- Pipe operator
- Command substitution
- Bitwise AND operator
In Bash scripting, the && operator signifies the logical AND operator. It is used to execute the command on the right-hand side only if the command on the left-hand side succeeds (returns a zero exit status). This allows for conditional execution of commands in a script.
If a machine learning model inadvertently learns societal biases present in its training data, it can result in ________ outcomes.
- Biased
- Fair
- Unpredictable
- Equitable
When a model learns societal biases, it can lead to biased outcomes, reinforcing existing prejudices and discrimination. It's crucial to address and mitigate such biases for more equitable results.
An effective _____ plan should include preparation, detection, response, and recovery steps to handle security incidents.
- Contingency
- Disaster
- Incident
- Security
An effective incident plan should encompass various phases, including preparation, detection, response, and recovery, to ensure that security incidents are handled efficiently and effectively.
One of the benefits of SDLC is that it helps in _____ management, ensuring that the project stays within the defined scope, time, and cost constraints.
- Configuration
- Project
- Quality
- Risk
SDLC aids in project management, ensuring that the project stays within the defined scope, time, and cost constraints, leading to successful project outcomes.
What challenges might a development team face if non-functional requirements are not clearly defined?
- Delays in the development process
- Improved project management
- Increased development costs
- Reduced customer satisfaction
Non-functional requirements, such as performance, security, and usability, are crucial. If they're not clearly defined, it can lead to increased development costs due to rework, as well as delays in the development process. Customer satisfaction may also decrease as the software may not meet their expectations. Improved project management doesn't directly address the challenge.
What considerations should be taken into account when designing the architecture for a microservices-based application?
- Monolithic and Tight Coupling
- Scalability and Resilience
- Simplicity and Centralized Data Storage
- Waterfall and Sequential
When designing the architecture for a microservices-based application, it's essential to consider scalability and resilience to ensure the system can handle increased loads and remain reliable. Microservices often emphasize breaking a system into smaller, independent components, and these two aspects are crucial for success.