A security breach in an e-commerce company due to inadequate database testing can lead to severe consequences such as loss of customer trust and reputation damage. Customers may lose confidence in the company's ability to protect their personal and financial information, resulting in decreased sales and tarnished brand reputation. Rebuilding trust post-breach can be challenging and costly, impacting long-term business viability.

Key rotation involves changing and updating encryption "keys" regularly to enhance security. By doing so, organizations mitigate the risk associated with long-term key exposure and maintain the integrity of their encryption systems.

Bitmap indexing is a technique used to improve query performance on large datasets by creating a bitmap for each distinct value in a column. This bitmap indicates which rows contain that value, allowing for fast retrieval of relevant data. It is particularly effective for columns with low cardinality, where the number of distinct values is relatively small compared to the total number of rows.

Data migration testing often faces challenges such as data mapping errors where data from the source doesn't align correctly with the target, leading to inconsistencies and issues in migration.

Symmetric encryption uses a single key for both encryption and decryption, making it faster and more efficient for large volumes of data. Asymmetric encryption, on the other hand, uses a pair of keys (public and private) which makes it slower but more secure. Symmetric encryption is commonly used in database encryption because it provides faster processing times, essential for handling large amounts of data in databases.

Test coverage metric helps in identifying the percentage of test cases that have been executed but are still failing. It measures the extent to which the application has been tested by comparing the number of executed test cases to the total number of test cases defined in the test plan. A high test coverage percentage indicates that a significant portion of the application has been tested, while a low test coverage percentage suggests inadequate testing. By monitoring test coverage, testers can prioritize testing efforts, identify areas with insufficient coverage, and ensure comprehensive testing of the application. This metric is essential for assessing the thoroughness and effectiveness of the testing process.

The purpose of database query optimization in performance testing is to improve query efficiency. By optimizing queries, database performance can be enhanced, leading to faster response times, reduced resource consumption, and improved overall system performance. Query optimization techniques include index usage, query rewriting, and database schema tuning.

Automation frameworks aid in the creation of reusable test data for recurring testing scenarios. This improves efficiency by eliminating the need to recreate test data for each test cycle.

The principle of "least privilege" ensures that users have the minimum level of access necessary to accomplish their tasks. This practice reduces the risk of unauthorized access and potential security breaches.

The correct option is "Verifications." Test script execution should include verifications to validate that the expected outcomes are met. Verifications involve comparing the actual results of the executed test script with the expected outcomes specified beforehand. This ensures that the database behaves as intended and that any deviations from expected behavior are detected and addressed promptly.

Performance Testing

Data lineage analysis in ETL testing involves tracing the path or journey of data from its source to its destination or target, helping ensure data integrity and understand the data flow.