You are implementing a caching mechanism. You need a data structure that removes the least recently added item when the size limit is reached. Which built-in Python data structure would you use?
- List
- OrderedDict
- Queue
- Set
An OrderedDict (Ordered Dictionary) is a built-in Python data structure that maintains the order of elements based on their insertion time. It can be used to implement a caching mechanism where the least recently added item can be removed when the size limit is reached.
You are given a task to analyze the correlation between different numerical features in a dataset. Which Pandas method would you use to quickly observe the pairwise correlation of columns?
- .corr()
- .describe()
- .mean()
- .plot()
To quickly observe the pairwise correlation of columns in a Pandas DataFrame, you would use the .corr() method. It calculates the correlation coefficient between all numerical columns, providing valuable insights into their relationships.
You are given a list of numbers and you need to find the two numbers that sum up to a specific target. Which algorithmic approach would you use to solve this problem efficiently?
- A) Linear Search
- B) Binary Search
- C) Hashing
- D) Bubble Sort
To efficiently find two numbers that sum up to a specific target, you should use the Hashing approach. This allows you to store elements in a data structure like a hash table or set, which enables constant-time lookup for each element. The other options are not optimal for this task. Linear search and bubble sort are not efficient for this purpose, and binary search assumes the list is sorted.
You are experiencing performance bottlenecks in a Python program due to slow file I/O operations. How would you optimize the file reading and writing processes to improve performance?
- a. Use buffered I/O
- b. Upgrade the CPU
- c. Increase the file size
- d. Convert files to binary format
To optimize file reading and writing processes in Python, you should use buffered I/O. This involves reading/writing data in larger chunks, reducing the number of I/O operations and improving performance. Upgrading the CPU may not directly address I/O bottlenecks. Increasing file size and converting files to binary format may not be appropriate solutions for all scenarios and can introduce other issues.
You are developing an application that requires the implementation of a map (or dictionary) data structure with ordered keys. Which advanced data structure would be most suitable to use for the implementation?
- Binary Search Tree
- Hash Table
- Linked List
- Stack
A Binary Search Tree (BST) is the most suitable data structure for implementing a map with ordered keys. It maintains keys in sorted order, making it efficient for operations like searching and range queries.
You are developing a web application where the front-end needs to continuously receive real-time updates from the Python back-end. Which technology would you use to implement this functionality?
- AJAX
- GraphQL
- REST API
- WebSocket
To achieve real-time updates from the back-end, WebSocket is the preferred technology. It provides full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection, making it suitable for real-time applications.
You are developing a test suite using the unittest framework and need to share the same setup code across multiple test cases. Which method would you use?
- Create a base test class with a setUp method
- Define setup code within each test case
- Use the @classmethod decorator with a shared setup method
- Use the @staticmethod decorator with a shared setup method
In the unittest framework, you can create a base test class with a setUp method to share common setup code across multiple test cases. This ensures that the setup code is executed before each test case in the suite.
You are developing a system where you have multiple classes, and you want to ensure that a particular set of methods is available in all these classes. How would you ensure this?
- Use Composition
- Use Encapsulation
- Use Inheritance
- Use Polymorphism
To ensure that a particular set of methods is available in multiple classes, you would use Inheritance. Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class, making it possible to create a base class with common methods that are shared by multiple derived classes.
You are developing a system where you have multiple classes, and you want to ensure that a particular set of methods is available in all these classes. How would you ensure this?
- Inherit a base class with the common methods
- Use composition and create a separate class for the common methods
- Use global functions for the common methods
- Use interfaces to define the required methods
In JavaScript, you can't directly inherit from classes, but you can use interfaces to ensure a set of methods is available in implementing classes. Interfaces define method signatures that must be implemented by the classes that use them.
You are developing a RESTful API and need to ensure that sensitive user data is secure during transit. Which approach would you use to secure data transmission?
- a) Encoding data as plain text
- b) Using HTTPS (SSL/TLS)
- c) Encrypting data with a custom algorithm
- d) Adding authentication tokens to requests
The most secure approach for securing data in transit in a RESTful API is to use HTTPS (SSL/TLS). It encrypts the data between the client and server, providing confidentiality and integrity.
You are developing a Python program and need to debug a function in a module. Which Python tool would you use to step through the code and inspect the values of variables?
- a) print statements
- b) PyCharm
- c) pdb (Python Debugger)
- d) Python Profiler
To step through code, inspect variables, and debug Python programs, you would use the pdb module, which stands for Python Debugger. It allows you to set breakpoints, step into functions, and examine the state of your program during execution.
You are developing a Python application where a certain function’s output is dependent on expensive computation. How would you use decorators to optimize this scenario?
- Create a decorator function that caches the function's output using a dictionary.
- Create a decorator function that logs function arguments and return values.
- Create a decorator function that raises an exception if the function takes too long to execute.
- Create a decorator function that replaces the function with a faster implementation.
To optimize a function with expensive computation, you can use a decorator that caches the function's output, preventing redundant computations. This is known as memoization and is commonly used for optimization.