When using Python’s PDB, the command ____ is used to step into a function call.
- next
- step
- step_in
- step_into
In Python's PDB (Python Debugger), the step_into command is used to step into a function call during debugging. It allows you to go into the called function and debug its execution.
When using decorators, what is the significance of the functools.wraps function?
- It is not related to decorators.
- It is used to define custom decorators.
- It is used to wrap a function multiple times.
- It's used to create a wrapper function that preserves metadata like function name and docstring when decorating a function.
The functools.wraps function in Python is often used when creating decorators. It helps preserve the metadata of the original function (e.g., name and docstring) when decorating it with another function. This ensures that the decorated function retains its identity and documentation.
When should you consider using HTTP long-polling in designing RESTful APIs?
- A. When real-time updates are required
- B. For caching static content
- C. To minimize latency in request-response cycles
- D. When working with large file uploads
A. HTTP long-polling is suitable when you need real-time updates from the server. It involves keeping a connection open until new data is available, making it suitable for applications like chat or notifications. Options B, C, and D are not appropriate use cases for long-polling.
When preprocessing data, the ____ class in Scikit-learn is used to encode categorical features as a one-hot numeric array.
- LabelEncoder
- OneHotEncoder
- PCA
- StandardScaler
In Scikit-learn, the OneHotEncoder class is used to transform categorical features into a one-hot encoded numeric array. This process is essential when working with machine learning algorithms that require numeric input, as it converts categorical data into a format that the algorithms can understand.
When optimizing Python code, why is it essential to consider the algorithmic complexity of your solutions?
- Algorithmic complexity only matters for other programming languages, not Python.
- It helps you write faster code by choosing algorithms that have better time complexity.
- It makes your code longer and more complex.
- It's not necessary; you can optimize code without worrying about algorithmic complexity.
Considering algorithmic complexity is crucial because it determines how efficiently your code runs as the input size grows. Choosing algorithms with better time complexity can significantly improve performance.
When integrating a Python back-end with a front-end form, how can you secure the application against Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks?
- Disable JavaScript to prevent malicious form submissions.
- Use a unique token with each form submission and verify it on the server.
- Use HTTPS to encrypt form data.
- Validate user input on the front-end before submission.
To secure an application against CSRF attacks, you should use a unique token (CSRF token) with each form submission. This token is generated on the server and verified on the server to ensure that the request is legitimate and not forged by a malicious attacker.
When implementing a recursive algorithm, what is crucial to avoid infinite recursion?
- A base case
- A high stack size
- A loop
- Global variables
In a recursive algorithm, it's crucial to have a base case that defines when the recursion should stop. Without a base case, the algorithm will keep calling itself indefinitely, leading to infinite recursion and a stack overflow error.
When designing a RESTful API, how should you handle versioning of the API?
- Do not version the API
- Hardcode the version in the API endpoints
- Include the version in the URL (e.g., /v1/resource)
- Use a header like "X-API-Version"
The recommended way to handle API versioning in RESTful APIs is by including the version in the URL. This ensures backward compatibility and makes it clear which version of the API a client is using. The other options are not considered best practices.
When defining a custom exception, it should typically be derived from the built-in ____ class.
- CustomException
- Error
- Exception
- Throwable
When defining custom exceptions in many programming languages, including Python and Java, it's a best practice to derive them from a built-in exception class like 'Exception.' This allows your custom exception to inherit essential exception handling features.
When debugging, the ____ command in Pdb is used to print the value of an expression.
- inspect
- p
- view
In the Python Debugger (pdb), you can use the p or print command to display the value of an expression. This is helpful for inspecting variables and understanding program state during debugging.
When creating a test case in the unittest framework, which method is used to contain the individual tests that the test runner will execute?
- runTest
- setUp
- tearDown
- testMethod
In the unittest framework, individual test methods should start with the word "test" (e.g., test_something). These methods contain the actual test logic that the test runner executes.
What would be the time complexity of inserting an element in a balanced Binary Search Tree?
- O(1)
- O(log n)
- O(n log n)
- O(n)
In a balanced Binary Search Tree (BST), inserting an element takes O(log n) time on average. This is because the tree's balanced structure ensures that you traverse down the tree logarithmically with respect to the number of nodes.