Batch processing with prepared statements is the most efficient way to insert a large dataset into a database using JDBC. It reduces the overhead of multiple database calls by grouping multiple insertions into a single call. Executing individual INSERT statements in a loop is resource-intensive and not recommended for large datasets. Disabling database constraints can compromise data integrity. Increasing the transaction isolation level to SERIALIZABLE is not needed for a simple insertion operation.

In Java, primitive data types are basic data types that store single values. int is one of the primitive data types and is used to store integer values. String, ArrayList, and Boolean are not primitive data types; they are reference data types or classes.

The lastIndexOf(char ch, int fromIndex) method of the String class is used to find the index of the last occurrence of the specified character within the string, starting the search from the given index fromIndex. The other options are related to the indexOf method but don't perform the same task.

a) is correct. If no constructor is provided in a Java class, Java automatically provides a default no-argument constructor. b) is a common misconception; Java only provides a default constructor if you haven't defined any constructors explicitly. c) and d) are incorrect statements.

The FileWriter class in Java is used to write characters to a file. It provides methods to write character data to a file in a character stream. FileOutputStream is used for writing binary data, PrintWriter is used for formatted text output, and BufferedReader is used for reading character data, not writing.

The getMessage() method of the Throwable class is used to retrieve the description or message associated with an exception. This message provides additional information about the exception, helping developers understand the cause of the error.

In Java, when you try to override a method from a superclass in a subclass, the method in the superclass must exist; otherwise, it will lead to a compile-time error. Java enforces method signature matching during compile-time, so if the method doesn't exist in the superclass, the compiler will not find a method to override in the subclass, resulting in an error.

When a class has multiple constructors with different parameter lists, it is said to have constructor overloading. Constructor overloading allows you to create multiple constructors in the same class, each with a different set of parameters. This is a form of method overloading specific to constructors. Constructor overriding is not a valid term in Java.

In JDBC, the method executeUpdate() is used to execute SQL statements that perform Data Definition Language (DDL) operations, such as creating, altering, or dropping database objects. It returns an integer representing the number of rows affected by the statement. executeQuery() is used for retrieving data, not DDL statements.

In Java, synchronized blocks allow you to lock specific portions of a method rather than locking the entire method. By using synchronized blocks, you can choose what specific data or code you want to protect from concurrent access by specifying the object that should serve as the lock, commonly referred to as "the method's ________."

Method overriding is a form of polymorphism that occurs at runtime, making it dynamic polymorphism. It allows the actual method to be determined at runtime based on the object's type, which is why it's also known as runtime polymorphism.

To access or modify private fields in a class, you should use "mutator" methods, also known as setter methods. These methods are designed to set or modify the private field values, maintaining control over access.