What is the time complexity of the selection sort algorithm in the worst-case scenario?
- O(log n)
- O(n log n)
- O(n)
- O(n^2)
The worst-case time complexity of the selection sort algorithm is O(n^2), where 'n' is the number of elements in the array. This is due to the nested loops used to find the minimum element in each iteration.
What is the goal of the Longest Increasing Subsequence problem?
- To find the length of the longest subarray with elements in strictly increasing order.
- To find the maximum element in the subarray with elements in non-decreasing order.
- To find the minimum element in the subarray with elements in strictly increasing order.
- To find the sum of elements in the longest subarray with consecutive elements.
The goal of the Longest Increasing Subsequence problem is to find the length of the longest subarray with elements in strictly increasing order.
You're tasked with designing a system for transmitting large volumes of textual data over a low-bandwidth network connection. How would you employ string compression techniques to minimize data transmission time and bandwidth usage?
- Apply run-length encoding to replace repeated consecutive characters with a count, reducing redundancy in the transmitted data.
- Implement lossy compression methods to achieve higher compression ratios, sacrificing some data accuracy for reduced transmission time.
- Use basic ASCII encoding to represent characters, ensuring minimal overhead during data transmission.
- Utilize lossless compression algorithms like Lempel-Ziv to identify and eliminate repetitive patterns in the text, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
In this scenario, employing lossless compression algorithms such as Lempel-Ziv is effective. Lempel-Ziv identifies and removes repetitive patterns in the text, optimizing bandwidth usage without compromising data integrity. This approach is commonly used in network protocols and file compression.
DFS explores as _______ as possible before backtracking.
- Broad
- Deep
- Far
- Much
DFS explores as deep as possible before backtracking. It follows the depth of a branch in the search space, going as far as it can before backtracking to explore other branches.
What type of data structure is a binary tree?
- Circular Data Structure
- Linear Data Structure
- Non-linear Data Structure
- Sequential Data Structure
A binary tree is a non-linear data structure. Unlike linear structures (e.g., arrays, linked lists), a binary tree represents a hierarchical structure where each node has at most two children, forming branches.
When is the Rabin-Karp algorithm particularly useful compared to other pattern matching algorithms?
- Effective when dealing with large texts and patterns.
- Efficient for short patterns or patterns with fixed lengths.
- Preferable for patterns containing repetitive characters.
- Suitable for scenarios where preprocessing is not feasible.
The Rabin-Karp algorithm is particularly useful when dealing with large texts and patterns. Its efficiency lies in its ability to hash the pattern and compare the hash values, making it effective for scenarios where preprocessing is feasible and the pattern length is not fixed.
Consider a scenario where stability in sorting is paramount, and you need to sort a list of objects with equal keys. Discuss how merge sort maintains stability and why it would be a suitable choice for this scenario.
- Merge sort does not maintain stability as it may reorder equal elements during the merging step.
- Merge sort maintains stability by preserving the relative order of equal elements during the merge step. It compares elements in a way that ensures equal elements from different subarrays retain their original order. Thus, when merging sorted subarrays, elements with equal keys remain in their original order, maintaining stability. Merge sort is a suitable choice for this scenario due to its stable sorting behavior and efficient performance.
- Merge sort maintains stability by randomly shuffling equal elements during the merge step.
- Merge sort maintains stability by using a hashing function to determine the order of equal elements during merging.
Merge sort's stability stems from its merge step, where it ensures that equal elements from different subarrays maintain their original order. This makes merge sort an ideal choice for scenarios where stability is paramount, such as when sorting objects with equal keys, as it guarantees that the relative order of equal elements is preserved.
The Floyd-Warshall algorithm computes the shortest paths between _______ pairs of vertices in a weighted graph.
- Adjacent, Important
- All possible, All possible
- Connected, Selected
- Specific, Critical
The Floyd-Warshall algorithm computes the shortest paths between all possible pairs of vertices in a weighted graph. It uses dynamic programming to find the shortest paths and is suitable for graphs with both positive and negative edge weights.
Consider a scenario where you need to implement a cache to store frequently accessed database records. Explain how you would use a hash table to achieve efficient caching.
- Design a cache with a linked list for efficient record retrieval.
- Employ a hash table with keys as record identifiers and values as the corresponding database records.
- Implement a cache using a stack data structure for simplicity.
- Use a hash table with keys as the most recently accessed records for cache eviction.
To achieve efficient caching, using a hash table with keys as record identifiers and values as the corresponding database records is a suitable approach. This allows for constant-time lookups and efficient retrieval of frequently accessed records.
In a graph containing cycles, _______ sorting cannot be performed as it violates the prerequisite of a directed acyclic graph (DAG).
- Depth-First
- Linear
- Radix
- Topological
In a graph containing cycles, topological sorting cannot be performed as it violates the prerequisite of a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Topological sorting relies on establishing a linear ordering of vertices, which is not possible in the presence of cycles.
Red-black trees provide _______ guarantees on the height of the tree, ensuring efficient operations.
- Arbitrary
- Loose
- No
- Strict
Red-black trees provide strict guarantees on the height of the tree. These guarantees ensure that the height of the tree is logarithmic in the number of nodes, leading to efficient search, insertion, and deletion operations.
Consider a scenario where you are tasked with optimizing the delivery route for a courier service, considering both the weight capacity of the delivery vehicles and the profit potential of the packages. How would you model this problem as a Knapsack Problem, and what approach would you take to solve it?
- Assigning values to packages based on their profit potential and selecting packages that maximize the total value within the vehicle's capacity.
- Assigning weights to packages based on their size and selecting packages that maximize the total weight within the vehicle's capacity.
- Delivering packages in random order to save time.
- Sorting packages based on alphabetical order for easy tracking.
Modeling the delivery route optimization as a Knapsack Problem involves assigning values to packages (representing profit potential) and selecting packages to maximize the total value within the weight capacity of the delivery vehicle, ensuring efficient and profitable deliveries.