The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is the hypothesis that _______ observations are influenced by some non-random cause.
- Population
- Random
- Sample
- Systematic
The alternative hypothesis proposes that there is a difference or an effect in the population and the sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause.
What's the probability of the union of two mutually exclusive events A and B?
- P(A) * P(B)
- P(A) + P(B)
- P(A) - P(B)
- P(A) / P(B)
The probability of the union of two mutually exclusive events A and B is given by P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B). This is because mutually exclusive events cannot occur at the same time, so the probability of either event A occurring or event B occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.
What is an event in the context of probability?
- A hypothesis
- A physical happening
- A possible outcome or combination of outcomes
- An experiment
An event in the context of probability refers to a possible outcome or combination of outcomes from a random experiment. For instance, if we toss a coin, the possible outcomes are 'Heads' and 'Tails'. Each of these outcomes is an event.
What does the term 'population' mean in the context of statistics?
- All animals in a zoo
- All people in a country
- The entire group that you are interested in studying
- The group of people who respond to a survey
In the context of statistics, a 'population' refers to the entire set of individuals or items that we are interested in studying. This could range from all the people living in a country, to all the particles in a chemical solution, to all the sales transactions in a store, and so forth. When we collect data from every individual or item in the population, it's called a census. The information gained from a population is reliable and accurate because it accounts for everyone or everything we want to study.
Which type of test is the Sign Test: parametric or non-parametric?
- Both
- Non-parametric
- Parametric
- nan
The Sign Test is a non-parametric test used to test the median of a distribution, or to compare the medians of two distributions.
How does the Sign Test handle ties between paired samples?
- Ties are averaged
- Ties are counted as half a sign
- Ties are discarded
- Ties are included in the test
In the Sign Test, ties between paired samples are generally discarded and not included in the final calculation.
Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme values or outliers?
- All are equally affected
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
The mean is most affected by extreme values or outliers. The mean calculates the average of all data points in a dataset. Therefore, when an extreme value (either very high or very low compared to the rest) is introduced, it can significantly impact the mean. The median and mode are less affected by outliers.
The number of records per page in CodeIgniter pagination is set using the ________ configuration option.
- per_page
- records_per_page
- limit
- page_size
In CodeIgniter, the number of records displayed per page is set using the per_page configuration option in the pagination configuration. This option determines how many records to show on each page of the paginated results.
The tool in CodeIgniter that provides runtime statistics about the application is called the ________.
- Analyzer
- Debugger
- Inspector
- Profiler
CodeIgniter's Profiler tool provides runtime statistics about the application, aiding in performance analysis and optimization.
In complex systems, ________ tracking is a common method for tracing error origins across multiple systems or services.
- Debug
- Error
- Exception
- Log
In complex systems, log tracking is a common method for tracing error origins. Logs capture detailed information about events, making it easier to diagnose and fix issues across multiple services.
To output JSON formatted data, CodeIgniter's ________ method in the controller can be utilized.
- generate_json()
- load_json()
- output_json()
- render_json()
CodeIgniter provides the output_json() method in controllers to send JSON-formatted data as a response. This is useful when you want to return structured data for APIs or AJAX requests.
In CodeIgniter, what configuration setting is crucial for controlling the types of files that can be uploaded?
- allowed_types
- file_restrictions
- file_validation
- upload_limits
In CodeIgniter, the crucial configuration setting for controlling the types of files that can be uploaded is allowed_types. This setting specifies the allowed file types for upload, helping to restrict uploads to only specified file formats and enhancing the security of the file upload functionality.