A member function in C++ is associated with an object of the class and has access to the object's data members. Unlike regular functions, member functions can be called using the object of the class and can manipulate the class's attributes directly. Regular functions don't have this implicit access.

While "float" may use less memory, "double" provides higher precision. The performance impact depends on the architecture and context. Some architectures are optimized for double precision, making operations as fast, if not faster, than float operations.

The STL vector is a dynamic array that provides O(1) access time for its elements. It's efficient when resizing (amortized constant time for insertions/deletions at the end), making it suitable for scenarios requiring a balance between dynamic size management and performance.

Using goto statements can lead to spaghetti code that's hard to maintain and debug. It's considered a best practice to avoid using goto in C++. Replacing goto with structured loops or conditionals can often make the code clearer and more maintainable. While encapsulation is a good practice in general, it doesn't address the fundamental problems associated with goto. Comments can help but don't solve the root issue.

Propagation refers to the process where after an exception is thrown, it travels up the call stack until it's caught by an appropriate catch block or, if uncaught, the program terminates.

The std::list::remove function has a linear time complexity O(n). This is because it traverses the list once, removing all elements that match a specified value. As it potentially examines all elements, the complexity is linear.

In C++, the forward slash (/) operator is used for division. When used between two integers, it gives the quotient of the division.

In most C++ implementations, particularly those that follow the x86 architecture and many 32-bit systems, an int data type occupies 4 bytes in memory. However, it's essential to note that the size can vary based on the platform and compiler.

shared_ptr is a type of smart pointer in C++ that retains shared ownership of an object. This means multiple shared_ptr objects can own the same object, and the object will only be destroyed when the last shared_ptr owning it is destroyed or reset. This helps in preventing memory leaks and ensuring safer memory management.

When an enumeration (enum) is declared in C++, it essentially creates a new user-defined data type. This allows the programmer to define variables of this enumeration type and assign any of its enumerator values to these variables.

Excessive use of templates can result in code that has much larger compiled sizes than equivalent non-template code. This phenomenon, where the binary gets bloated due to templates, is known as template bloat.

In C++, the size of long double is compiler-dependent. However, according to the C++ standard, it is at least 8 bytes or the size of a double, whichever is greater. Some compilers may allocate more.