Horizontal data partitioning involves dividing a table into rows based on a condition, allowing for efficient storage and retrieval of specific subsets of data. Vertical partitioning, on the other hand, involves dividing a table into columns, typically based on the frequency of access, reducing I/O overhead.

A Data Mart typically focuses on a specific functional area. Unlike a Data Warehouse, which covers the entire organization, a Data Mart is designed for a particular business unit or department's specific needs, providing more targeted insights.

Database tuning involves adjusting the physical design and configuration parameters of a database to optimize its performance. This includes optimizing queries, indexing, and other settings to ensure efficient data retrieval and processing. Tuning is an ongoing process to adapt the database to changing requirements and workload.

A multivalued attribute in database modeling is an attribute that can have multiple values for each entity. This concept is used to represent situations where an entity can have multiple values for a specific attribute, without creating a separate entity for each value.

The NOT NULL constraint in a column definition specifies that the column must not contain NULL values. It enforces the presence of data in that column, ensuring that each record has a valid and meaningful value for that particular attribute.

In the context of entity relationships, cardinality signifies the number of instances of one entity that can be related to another entity. It helps define the nature and limits of the association between entities.

The ERD Designer feature in database design tools allows users to visually create Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs). ERDs are graphical representations of the entities and their relationships in a database schema. This feature helps in designing and understanding the relationships between different entities in the database.

A relationship where each occurrence in one entity may or may not have a corresponding occurrence in another entity is called a Binary relationship. It involves two entities and is a fundamental concept in data modeling.

In an ERD, a cardinality constraint of "1 to Many" indicates that each instance of one entity can be associated with multiple instances of another entity. This means that for each occurrence of the first entity, there can be multiple occurrences of the second entity.

The process of decomposing a relation into smaller relations that meet normalization requirements is known as decomposition. It involves breaking down a table into smaller, more manageable tables to achieve higher normal forms and improve data integrity.

Data Marts typically have larger data volumes compared to the broader-scoped Data Warehouses. However, Data Marts have narrower specificity, focusing on a subset of data relevant to a specific business unit or department. This allows for more targeted and efficient analysis.

The Authorization model is designed to prevent unauthorized users from accessing or modifying data in a database. It involves defining and managing user privileges and permissions to ensure that only authorized users can perform specific actions on the database.