Imagine you are implementing a high-frequency trading system... 

  • std::fstream with buffering 
  • mmap based I/O 
  • std::cout 
  • std::ofstream with std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false)
mmap based I/O, which maps a file into memory, allows for very fast file operations since it avoids certain system calls and can result in fewer memory-copy operations than traditional read/write functions. This is crucial for high-frequency systems where latency is critical.
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