___________ testing is performed without knowledge of the internal workings of the software.

Black-box testing involves testing the software from an external perspective, focusing on inputs and outputs without considering the internal code structure or logic. This approach helps assess the software's functionality and behavior based on various inputs and conditions, mimicking how end users interact with the software. Unlike structural testing (also known as white-box testing), black-box testing doesn't require knowledge of the internal code implementation, making it suitable for evaluating software based on specifications and requirements rather than implementation details.