Under what circumstances is NMAR typically observed in a dataset?
- All of the above
- When data missingness is associated with the missing data itself
- When data missingness is random
- When data missingness is unrelated to observed and unobserved data
NMAR (Not Missing At Random) is typically observed when the missingness is related to the value of the missing data itself. This is the most challenging type of missingness to handle as it relies on unobserved data.
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