Which type of testing, automated or manual, typically requires more significant upfront investment in tools and setup?

Automated testing typically requires more significant upfront investment in tools and setup. Setting up automation frameworks, selecting appropriate tools, and developing automated test scripts involve initial costs. However, this investment pays off in the long run by saving time in test execution and providing faster feedback. Manual testing may have lower upfront costs, but it can be resource-intensive in the long term, especially for repetitive and large-scale testing.