To annotate a specific point on a plot in Matplotlib, you can use the plt.text() function. This function allows you to add custom text at specified coordinates on the plot, making it useful for labeling data points or adding additional information.

A Deterministic algorithm guarantees to run in the same time (or space) for any input of the same size. It is predictable and has consistent performance.

In Python, a dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs, where the keys must be immutable (and usually unique). Tuples are immutable, making them suitable for use as dictionary keys.

A Stack is a data structure that follows the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle, meaning the last element added is the first to be removed. It allows additions and removals at the start, making it suitable for managing function calls, undo functionality, and more.

A "Ring Buffer" (or Circular Buffer) is a linear data structure where elements are stored in a circular manner. It has fixed-size storage and efficiently manages data by overwriting old data when full.

A Binary Search Tree (BST) is a special type of binary tree where each node has a higher (or equal) value than its children. This property allows for efficient searching, insertion, and deletion of elements.

A Red-Black Tree is a type of binary search tree that automatically balances itself during insertions and deletions to ensure the tree remains approximately balanced. This property ensures efficient search and insertion operations.

In Python, a for loop is commonly used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list) a specified number of times. The for loop iterates over the elements of the sequence, executing the block of code for each element.

A Merge sort is a highly efficient sorting algorithm that uses a divide-and-conquer approach to sort an array. It repeatedly divides the array into smaller sub-arrays until each sub-array is sorted, then merges them back together to achieve the final sorted order.

A Binary Tree is a tree data structure where each node has at most two children, a left child and a right child. This data structure is commonly used in computer science and is fundamental to many algorithms and data structures.