The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and move to the next one. In the given scenario, once a fraudulent transaction is detected and logged, the continue statement can be used to skip any further processing for that transaction and immediately start processing the next transaction in the loop.

The break statement in C++ is used to terminate the loop, irrespective of whether the loop's condition has been met or not. This can be useful when a certain condition, separate from the loop's terminating condition, is met and the loop needs to end prematurely.

A function that calls itself, either directly or indirectly through other functions, is known as a recursive function. Recursion is a powerful programming technique where a problem is broken down into smaller instances of the same problem, typically leading to simpler solutions.

The goto statement in C++ can only jump to labels within the same function. Jumping between functions or other scopes would introduce significant complexity and is not allowed.

Passing arguments by reference allows functions to access the original memory location without creating a copy, leading to more efficient memory usage. While passing by pointer can achieve a similar outcome, it requires manual dereferencing. Passing by reference is a more idiomatic solution in C++ for this use case.

Single inheritance restricts a derived class to inherit from only one base class. While C++ supports multiple inheritance, where a class can inherit from more than one class, single inheritance ensures there's a straightforward lineage from the base to the derived class, avoiding complexities and potential ambiguities.

When a function in C++ is declared with a return type other than void, it's a promise that the function will return a value of that type. If the function does not return any value, it will lead to a compilation error because the contract of returning a value (as per its declaration) is violated.

In C++, when a function template is instantiated, it gets its own version of the function, complete with its own set of exceptions. This means that if different instantiations of the function template throw different exceptions, each instantiation will have its own set of exceptions to catch. This provides a level of type-safety during exception handling.

The seekp function is used with output file streams to set the position of the next character to be inserted into the file. It essentially moves the file pointer to a specified position, allowing for efficient and targeted writing or modifying of file contents.

The private access specifier in C++ ensures that class members are accessible only within the class they are defined and by friend functions or classes. This helps in the principle of encapsulation, keeping data and methods secure from unintended access.