You are developing an application that requires the implementation of a map (or dictionary) data structure with ordered keys. Which advanced data structure would be most suitable to use for the implementation?
- Binary Search Tree
- Hash Table
- Linked List
- Stack
A Binary Search Tree (BST) is the most suitable data structure for implementing a map with ordered keys. It maintains keys in sorted order, making it efficient for operations like searching and range queries.
You are experiencing performance bottlenecks in a Python program due to slow file I/O operations. How would you optimize the file reading and writing processes to improve performance?
- a. Use buffered I/O
- b. Upgrade the CPU
- c. Increase the file size
- d. Convert files to binary format
To optimize file reading and writing processes in Python, you should use buffered I/O. This involves reading/writing data in larger chunks, reducing the number of I/O operations and improving performance. Upgrading the CPU may not directly address I/O bottlenecks. Increasing file size and converting files to binary format may not be appropriate solutions for all scenarios and can introduce other issues.
You are debugging a failing test in pytest and need to inspect the values of variables at the point of failure. Which pytest option would you use to achieve this?
- Employ the --capture option
- Enable pytest logging with the --log-level option
- Use the --pdb option
- Utilize the --verbose option
To inspect variable values at the point of failure during debugging in pytest, you can use the --pdb option. This option invokes the Python Debugger (pdb) when a test fails, allowing you to interactively explore variables and the execution context.
You are designing a framework and want to ensure that all classes following a certain API have required methods implemented. How would you use metaclasses to achieve this?
- Metaclasses can automatically inject the required methods into all classes using the API.
- Metaclasses can be used to define a base class with the required methods, and then, for each class, you create a metaclass that checks if these methods are implemented.
- Metaclasses can be used to dynamically create subclasses with the required methods, enforcing the API.
- Metaclasses cannot be used for this purpose.
Metaclasses provide a way to define behaviors for classes. In this scenario, you can define a metaclass that checks if the required methods are implemented when a class is created, ensuring adherence to the API.
You are designing a RESTful API for an e-commerce platform. How would you structure the API endpoints to handle CRUD operations for products?
- a) /api/products/create, /api/products/read, /api/products/update, /api/products/delete
- b) /api/createProduct, /api/readProduct, /api/updateProduct, /api/deleteProduct
- c) /api/products POST, GET, PUT, DELETE
- d) /api/products, POST, GET, PUT, DELETE
In a RESTful API, CRUD operations are typically represented by HTTP methods. Option (c) follows REST conventions with POST, GET, PUT, and DELETE HTTP methods for creating, reading, updating, and deleting products.
You are designing an algorithm to match the opening and closing parentheses in an expression. Which data structure would be suitable for this purpose?
- Array
- Linked List
- Queue
- Stack
A stack is a suitable data structure for matching opening and closing parentheses in an expression. As you encounter opening parentheses, you push them onto the stack, and when you encounter a closing parenthesis, you pop from the stack, ensuring that they match. This approach helps maintain the order of parentheses and is well-suited for this purpose.
You are developing a Django application with a focus on high performance. How would you optimize database queries in views to reduce the load time?
- Implement pagination for large query results
- Increase the number of database queries for more accurate data
- Use Django's built-in caching system
- Use synchronous database calls to ensure real-time data
To optimize database queries and reduce load time, you can utilize Django's built-in caching system. Caching stores frequently used data in memory, reducing the need to repeatedly query the database.
You are developing a Python application and suspect a memory leak. Which tool or technique would you use to identify and analyze the memory consumption?
- a) Manual code review
- b) Python debugger (pdb)
- c) Memory profiling tools
- d) Code optimization
To identify and analyze memory consumption and potential memory leaks, you would use memory profiling tools. These tools, such as memory_profiler or Pyflame, help you monitor memory usage during program execution, making it easier to pinpoint memory leaks. Manual code review and code optimization are not specific to memory leak detection. The Python debugger (pdb) is primarily for debugging code logic, not memory issues.
You are developing a Python application where a certain function’s output is dependent on expensive computation. How would you use decorators to optimize this scenario?
- Create a decorator function that caches the function's output using a dictionary.
- Create a decorator function that logs function arguments and return values.
- Create a decorator function that raises an exception if the function takes too long to execute.
- Create a decorator function that replaces the function with a faster implementation.
To optimize a function with expensive computation, you can use a decorator that caches the function's output, preventing redundant computations. This is known as memoization and is commonly used for optimization.
You are assigned to develop a machine learning model that can identify fraudulent transactions. How would you deal with the class imbalance in the dataset?
- No need to address class imbalance
- Oversampling the minority class
- Removing the imbalance by eliminating records
- Undersampling the majority class
Dealing with class imbalance often involves oversampling the minority class, creating synthetic data points to balance the dataset. This ensures that the model doesn't bias towards the majority class, which is crucial in fraud detection where fraudulent transactions are rare.