The Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model roughly correspond to which layer in the TCP/IP model?
- Application
- Link
- Network
- Transport
The Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model correspond to the Application layer in the TCP/IP model. The Application layer in the TCP/IP model is responsible for providing network services directly to applications. It serves as the interface between software applications and the network stack, handling tasks such as data encryption and decryption, data compression, and application-level protocols.
John, a network administrator, notices that certain routes are flapping frequently in his network. He decides to use a routing protocol that can provide route stability and policy-based routing decisions. Which protocol is he most likely considering?
- BGP
- EIGRP
- OSPF
- RIP
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the protocol John is likely considering. BGP is well-known for its route stability and supports complex policy-based routing decisions. It's a good choice for networks where route stability is crucial.
If one node fails in a ________ topology, it does not affect the rest of the network.
- Bus
- Mesh
- Ring
- Star
In a Star Topology, if one node fails, it does not affect the rest of the network. Each device is directly connected to a central hub or switch, so the failure of one device does not impact the others.
When a web server listens for incoming client requests, it typically does so on ________ port number for HTTP.
- Port 22
- Port 25
- Port 443
- Port 80
Web servers typically listen on Port 80 for HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) traffic. Port 80 is the standard port for unsecured web traffic, while Port 443 is commonly used for secure HTTP (HTTPS).
In the context of the sliding window protocol, what does the "window" refer to?
- The frame synchronization mechanism
- The number of bits in the data frame
- The range of sequence numbers of the frames that can be sent without acknowledgment
- The time it takes for a frame to traverse the network
The "window" in the sliding window protocol refers to the range of sequence numbers of the frames that can be sent by the sender before requiring acknowledgment. This allows for efficient flow control and ensures that the sender does not overwhelm the receiver.
Which IP addressing version uses 32-bit addresses, resulting in approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses?
- IPv10
- IPv4
- IPv6
- IPv8
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for about 4.3 billion unique addresses. Each address is represented in dotted decimal format, such as 192.168.1.1.
Real-time applications like VoIP often prefer ________ due to its speed, even at the risk of some data loss.
- IP
- SMTP
- TCP
- UDP
Real-time applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP) prefer UDP (User Datagram Protocol) due to its speed and low overhead. UDP is a connectionless protocol that offers fast data transmission, making it suitable for applications where a small amount of data loss can be tolerated.
During a file transfer between two systems, a brief network outage occurs. When the connection is restored, the file transfer resumes without any data loss. Which transport layer feature ensures this seamless recovery?
- Congestion Control
- Connection-Oriented Communication
- Error Detection
- Flow Control
Connection-Oriented Communication is a feature of the transport layer, particularly in protocols like TCP. It ensures that data is reliably transmitted, and in the event of network disruptions or outages, the connection can be reestablished, and the file transfer can resume without data loss.
When considering durability and resistance to external damages, which transmission medium is often seen as the most robust?
- Coaxial Cable
- Fiber Optic Cable
- Twisted Pair Cable
- Wireless
Fiber Optic Cable is considered the most robust transmission medium. It uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as pulses of light, making it immune to electromagnetic interference and highly durable, making it suitable for harsh environments.
A CIDR notation of /16 in an IPv4 address means that the first _______ bits are used for the network prefix.
- 16
- 24
- 32
- 8
A CIDR notation of /16 in an IPv4 address means that the first 16 bits are used for the network prefix. This notation is used to represent the subnet mask and the network prefix in IPv4 addresses.