Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a solution that can segregate a network into smaller, isolated segments, even if they share the same physical infrastructure. This helps reduce broadcast traffic and allows different departments to communicate efficiently while maintaining network security.

Immunity to Eavesdropping - Fiber optic cables offer a high level of data security because they transmit data as light pulses, and it's extremely difficult to intercept these signals without disrupting the communication. Unlike other mediums where electromagnetic signals can be intercepted, fiber optic cables are more secure against eavesdropping.

Real-time applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP) prefer UDP (User Datagram Protocol) due to its speed and low overhead. UDP is a connectionless protocol that offers fast data transmission, making it suitable for applications where a small amount of data loss can be tolerated.

Connection-Oriented Communication is a feature of the transport layer, particularly in protocols like TCP. It ensures that data is reliably transmitted, and in the event of network disruptions or outages, the connection can be reestablished, and the file transfer can resume without data loss.

Fiber Optic Cable is considered the most robust transmission medium. It uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as pulses of light, making it immune to electromagnetic interference and highly durable, making it suitable for harsh environments.

A CIDR notation of /16 in an IPv4 address means that the first 16 bits are used for the network prefix. This notation is used to represent the subnet mask and the network prefix in IPv4 addresses.

When devices on the network send data to an unexpected MAC address while the IP address is correct, it could be indicative of ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Spoofing. ARP Spoofing is a type of attack where an attacker associates their MAC address with another device's IP address, redirecting traffic meant for that IP address to the attacker's system. This can lead to a security breach. DNS Hijacking, IP Spoofing, and Packet Fragmentation are different issues with distinct characteristics.

In an Ethernet network, the MAC address is typically 48 bits (6 bytes) in length. It is usually represented as a series of 12 hexadecimal characters, separated by colons or hyphens.

A PAN (Personal Area Network) typically covers a smaller area, focusing on individual or immediate vicinity connections, such as connecting a smartphone to a laptop via Bluetooth. In contrast, a LAN (Local Area Network) serves a more extensive area, typically within a building or campus, connecting devices for personal and business use.

In a Star Topology, if one node fails, it does not affect the rest of the network. Each device is directly connected to a central hub or switch, so the failure of one device does not impact the others.