Certificates in the HTTPS protocol play the role of verifying the identity of the server. When a client connects to a server over HTTPS, the server presents its digital certificate, allowing the client to verify the authenticity of the server. This helps establish a secure and trusted connection, preventing man-in-the-middle attacks.

Independent deployment in microservices architecture allows updating and scaling of individual services without affecting others, providing flexibility and autonomy for each service.

In REST, the PATCH HTTP method is used to update an existing resource partially. It allows clients to send only the changes to the resource, minimizing data transfer and improving efficiency when updating specific fields of a resource.

Throughput measures the amount of data transferred successfully over the network and is crucial for evaluating performance under various network conditions.

The POST method is typically used to create a new resource in a RESTful service. When a client sends a POST request, it signifies a request to submit data to be processed to a specified resource, resulting in the creation of a new resource or the update of an existing one.

RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is a widely used algorithm for public key encryption.

WSDL (Web Services Description Language) describes what services a web service offers and how to invoke those services.

Performance tuning involves analyzing and improving individual components of a web service for enhanced performance.

SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) uses tokens to implement Single Sign-On (SSO), allowing users to access multiple applications with a single authentication.

Testing microservices often involves challenges in coordinating and ensuring effective communication between the various services.