The power of a test is influenced by the effect size - the magnitude of the difference or relationship you're testing for. Larger effect sizes increase the power of a test because they create a larger signal relative to the noise, making it easier to detect an effect if one exists.

The height of a bar in a histogram represents the frequency (or relative frequency) of data for that particular bin. This means the taller the bar, the more data falls into that specific interval.

Normalization or standardization ensures that all features contribute equally to the final distance calculation, regardless of their original scale. Without this step, features with larger scales would dominate the distance calculation, potentially leading to misleading clusters.

Conditional independence of A and B given C means that knowing that C has occurred does not change the relationship between A and B. In other words, the occurrence of event C does not affect the independence of events A and B.

When computing the Pearson correlation coefficient, it is assumed that there is a linear relationship between the variables. Furthermore, it's also assumed that the variables are continuous and that the data is homoscedastic (i.e., the variance of the errors is the same across all levels of the variables).

The variance is the square of the standard deviation. Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion in a dataset and variance is a square of it, meaning that they both represent the same concept of dispersion, but in different units.

Kurtosis is a statistical measure that defines how heavily the tails of a distribution differ from the tails of a normal distribution. In other words, kurtosis identifies whether the tails of a given distribution contain extreme values.

A Type I error in hypothesis testing is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis, often signified by the Greek letter alpha (α). In other words, a Type I error happens when the researcher incorrectly concludes that the null hypothesis is false when, in fact, it is true.

The Chi-square test for goodness of fit is used when we have categorical data and we want to see if the data follows a specific distribution.

Spearman's Rank Correlation is less sensitive to outliers than Pearson's correlation. This is because Spearman's correlation is based on rank orders rather than raw data values, making it more robust against outliers.