When processing time-sensitive data, increasing Speculative Execution in the job configuration can help achieve timely execution. Speculative Execution involves running duplicate tasks on other nodes to finish faster, reducing the impact of slow-running tasks on job completion time.

For historical data analysis and trend prediction, MapReduce is a suitable processing method. MapReduce efficiently processes large volumes of data in batch mode, making it well-suited for analyzing historical datasets and deriving insights for trend prediction.

In Apache Flume, the Source is used to extract data from various data sources. It acts as an entry point for data into the Flume pipeline, collecting and forwarding events to the next stages in the pipeline.

In the case of a failed Hadoop job, the 'syslog' is the most useful log information for identifying the root cause. It contains system logs, including error messages and diagnostic information, providing insights into the issues that led to the job failure. Analyzing the syslog is essential for effective troubleshooting.

The primary purpose of Hadoop Streaming API is to allow the integration of non-Java programs for processing data in Hadoop. It enables the use of scripts (e.g., Python or Perl) to serve as mappers and reducers, expanding the flexibility of Hadoop to process data using various languages.

Effective monitoring of Namenode is key for ensuring data security and compliance in Hadoop clusters. The Namenode stores metadata and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and security of the data stored in HDFS.

Kerberos authentication is crucial in advanced Hadoop administration for managing cluster security. It provides secure and authenticated communication between nodes, ensuring that only authorized users and services can access Hadoop resources. Role-based access control, SSL encryption, and two-factor authentication are additional security measures.

Apache Kafka is commonly used for real-time data streaming. It is a distributed event streaming platform that enables the processing of real-time data feeds and events, making it valuable for scenarios that require low-latency data ingestion and processing.

In Apache Oozie, Decision actions allow conditional control flow in workflows. They enable the workflow to take different paths based on the outcome of a condition, providing flexibility in designing complex workflows.

In a Hadoop cluster, the NameNode acts as the master. It manages the metadata and keeps track of the location of data blocks in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The NameNode is a critical component for ensuring data integrity and availability.