The labels parameter in the pie chart function in R can be used to add labels to the segments. By providing a vector of labels corresponding to each segment, you can display the labels inside or outside the pie chart to identify each segment.

Factors in R are used to store categorical data. They are used when we want to represent data which falls into a limited number of categories or levels. For example, gender (male, female) or education level (high school, college, university) can be represented as factors.

In R, a list is created using the list() function. You can pass individual elements separated by commas or use named arguments to assign names to the elements of the list. The list() function allows you to create a list with any number of elements and any combination of data types.

Vectorization in R is the concept of performing operations on entire vectors without the need for explicit loops. Instead of iterating over individual elements, R applies the operation to the entire vector at once, taking advantage of optimized internal functions. Vectorized code is more concise, easier to read, and can significantly improve computational efficiency, as it leverages the underlying C code in R's internal functions.

A list in R, though similar in some ways to a vector, can contain elements of different classes - numbers, characters, vectors, and even other lists.

To filter rows in a data frame in R based on a condition, you would use the filter() function. The filter() function allows you to specify a condition or logical expression to select rows that meet the specified criteria, creating a subset of the data frame.

To customize the markers in an R scatter plot, you would use the pch parameter. It allows you to specify a numerical value or character that represents the marker type for the data points, such as circles, squares, triangles, or custom symbols.

The purpose of a while loop in R is to repeat a block of code as long as a certain condition is true. The loop continues until the condition becomes false. This allows for repetitive execution of code based on a specific condition.

To change the value of a variable in R, you simply reassign the variable with the new value using the assignment operator '<-'. For example, if 'x' is 5 and you want to change it to 10, you would use 'x <- 10'.

The rnorm() function in R is used to generate random numbers following a normal distribution. For example, rnorm(10) would generate 10 random numbers from a standard normal distribution.