Modern switches typically forward broadcast frames to all devices on the network. While this can increase network traffic, it ensures that broadcast messages reach all devices on the local network.

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is used for email synchronization across multiple devices and allows the storage of emails on the server. It is designed for managing email in a way that's accessible from different devices.

Network administrators implement Virtual LANs (VLANs) on switches to segment a large network into smaller, isolated broadcast domains. This reduces broadcast traffic and enhances network security by isolating groups of devices.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) used for routing within an autonomous system. It's designed for routing within a single organization's network and provides more advanced features compared to RIP.

In a CI/CD environment, database tests are executed automatically whenever there is a code change. This ensures that any modifications to the database schema or queries are immediately validated, maintaining the integrity and reliability of the database within the continuous integration pipeline.

Knowledge-Based Authentication verifies a user's identity based on something they know, such as a password, PIN, or passphrase. It is one of the most commonly used authentication methods and is widely implemented in various systems and applications. However, it is important for users to choose strong passwords and for systems to implement secure password storage mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access.

A self-join in SQL is used when you want to combine rows from the same table based on a related column. It is commonly used to retrieve hierarchical data or to compare rows within the same table. For example, when you have an employee table where each row contains an employee and their manager, you can use a self-join to retrieve the manager's details for each employee.

Database query optimization in performance testing aims to enhance the efficiency of database operations by refining SQL queries, indexing strategies, and database schema to reduce execution time and resource consumption. Optimized queries lead to faster data retrieval and processing, improving overall system performance.

DbUnit is a commonly used tool for automating database tests in a CI environment. It provides a set of functionalities for setup, execution, and verification of database tests, allowing developers to write automated tests for database interactions.

Database testing helps in detecting and rectifying data redundancy, which refers to the unnecessary repetition of data in the database. Removing redundant data improves efficiency, reduces storage space, and enhances data quality.