In Bash scripting, what does the && operator signify?
- Logical AND operator
- Pipe operator
- Command substitution
- Bitwise AND operator
In Bash scripting, the && operator signifies the logical AND operator. It is used to execute the command on the right-hand side only if the command on the left-hand side succeeds (returns a zero exit status). This allows for conditional execution of commands in a script.
You are a system administrator and notice that users are able to use simple passwords. Which tool or command would you use to enforce complex password policies?
- passwd
- chsh
- pam_tally2
- passwdqc
To enforce complex password policies, you can use the passwdqc tool. passwdqc is a password complexity checking and policy enforcement tool that can help you ensure that users create strong passwords by setting specific requirements such as length, character classes, and more.
The exit status of the last command executed is stored in the _________ variable.
- $!
- $@
- $?
- $_
The exit status of the last command executed is stored in the $? variable. This value is important for checking whether a command or script ran successfully (0) or encountered an error (non-zero).
Which command is used to lock a user's account in Linux?
- passwd -l
- usermod -L
- lockuser -u
- userlock -a
The correct command to lock a user's account in Linux is passwd -l. This command will place an "!" in front of the user's password hash in the /etc/shadow file, preventing them from logging in. It's a security measure to temporarily or permanently disable a user's account.
If a classifier predicts the positive class perfectly but struggles with the negative class, the ________ might still be high due to the imbalance.
- AUC-ROC
- Accuracy
- F1 Score
- True Positive Rate
If a classifier predicts the positive class perfectly but struggles with the negative class, the Accuracy might still be high due to class imbalance. Accuracy can be misleading in imbalanced datasets because it doesn't account for the unequal distribution of classes. F1 Score and AUC-ROC are more robust metrics in such cases.
Which component of a GAN is responsible for generating new data samples?
- Discriminator
- Loss Function
- Optimizer
- Generator
The Generator component in a GAN is responsible for generating new data samples. It tries to create data indistinguishable from real data to deceive the Discriminator.
In the context of machine learning, what is a time series?
- A series of chronological events
- A list of sorted numbers
- A collection of images
- A data structure
A time series is a series of chronological events or data points collected or recorded at equally spaced time intervals. It's commonly used for forecasting and analysis.
You're working on a project where you need to predict the next word in a sentence based on the previous words. Which type of neural network architecture would be most appropriate for this task?
- Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
- Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
- Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
- Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is well-suited for this task because it can capture long-term dependencies in sequential data, making it effective for predicting the next word based on previous words in a sentence.
What is a common application of GANs in the field of image processing?
- Image classification.
- Style transfer.
- Sentiment analysis.
- Speech recognition.
GANs are frequently used for style transfer, a technique that changes the artistic style of an image. It's commonly employed in fields like art and design for image manipulation and transformation.
If a machine learning model inadvertently learns societal biases present in its training data, it can result in ________ outcomes.
- Biased
- Fair
- Unpredictable
- Equitable
When a model learns societal biases, it can lead to biased outcomes, reinforcing existing prejudices and discrimination. It's crucial to address and mitigate such biases for more equitable results.