Digital certificates often use the PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail) format. This format typically includes the certificate's public key and information about the key owner. PEM is widely used for securing data through encryption and authentication processes, making it an essential part of secure communications.

In the digital signature process, a unique hash value is generated from the data to be signed. This hash value is then encrypted with the sender's private key to create the digital signature. The recipient can use the sender's public key to verify the signature and the integrity of the data.

Digital certificates are issued by trusted third parties known as Certificate Authorities (CAs). These entities validate the identity of individuals, organizations, or websites and issue digital certificates, which are used to establish trust and enable secure communication on the internet.

RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is an encryption technique that uses two interdependent cryptographic keys, a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. This method ensures secure communication and data protection.

To ensure that the browser enforces the Content Security Policy (CSP) but only reports violations without blocking content, the report-only directive is used. This is useful for monitoring policy violations without impacting user experience.

The correct answer is "Risk Management." It encompasses identifying potential security threats, assessing their impact, and implementing strategies to mitigate them.

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an attack in which the attacker tricks a victim into submitting a malicious request, often without the victim's knowledge, on their behalf.

Encryption is the process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access. It ensures that even if unauthorized users gain access to the data, they cannot read or use it without the decryption key. Encryption is crucial for data security and privacy.

Access Control Lists (ACLs) are used to restrict or allow specific actions on files or directories. They define who can access the file or directory, what actions they can perform (e.g., read, write, execute), and under what conditions they can do so.

A "tunneling protocol" plays a crucial role in VPNs by encapsulating data in a secure "tunnel," encrypting it, and ensuring safe transit through untrusted networks.