To build a Docker image from a Dockerfile, you use the docker build command. The Dockerfile contains instructions for assembling the image, and this command creates the image based on those instructions, making it ready for containerization and deployment.

For an e-commerce website where page load speed is crucial and you want the benefits of ASP.NET Core, the optimal choice would be the Web API project template. Web APIs are designed for delivering data efficiently to clients, making them ideal for scenarios where performance is a priority. You can still leverage the benefits of ASP.NET Core for high-performance web services.

Razor Layouts are used to create a consistent structure for your web pages, allowing you to define a common header and footer while specifying unique content for each page. This is perfect for scenarios where you need a consistent header and footer but dynamic middle sections.

In the MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern, the Controller component is primarily responsible for handling user input. It receives HTTP requests, processes them, interacts with the Model (data), and determines which View (UI) to render as a response. It acts as the intermediary between the user's actions and the application's logic.

When creating custom exception middleware in ASP.NET Core, you should override the InvokeAsync method. This method allows you to intercept and handle exceptions that occur during the processing of an incoming HTTP request, providing an opportunity to customize error responses or perform other actions.

Razor views in ASP.NET Core typically have the ".cshtml" file extension. This extension signifies that the view contains both HTML markup and C# code, making it easy to create dynamic web pages that can interact with server-side data and logic.

To specify the SDK version for a .NET project, you should add a global.json file to the project directory. This file allows you to pin the SDK version, ensuring that all team members use the same version, promoting consistency in the development environment.

Integration tests in ASP.NET Core usually concentrate on assessing the interaction and integration between various components, such as database interactions, service integrations, or API calls, within the application. In contrast, end-to-end tests evaluate the application's complete functionality, including its user interface, as if a user were interacting with it.

Shadow Properties in EF Core are properties that are not part of the entity class's public API and have no corresponding database column. They are used internally by EF Core to store additional data or perform certain tasks, such as storing foreign key values or tracking change state.

In ASP.NET Core, the StaticFileMiddleware is used to serve static files such as CSS, JavaScript, images, and other client-side assets. It's a crucial part of building web applications as it ensures that these files are accessible to the client's web browser.