The _______ keyword is used to include standard libraries in a C++ program.
- import
- include
- namespace
- return
In C++, the "include" keyword is used to include header files, which contain the declarations for the standard libraries. It's vital for utilizing predefined functions and classes, thus facilitating easier and more efficient coding.
Which keyword is often advised against using due to its potential to make code less readable and maintainable?
- class
- public
- goto
- private
The goto keyword allows for arbitrary jumps in code, which can make the code's flow hard to follow, leading to decreased readability and maintainability. Although it's available in C++, its use is generally discouraged in modern programming practices.
What is the behavior of a continue statement inside a while loop?
- It skips to the next iteration of the loop immediately.
- It breaks out of the loop.
- It restarts the loop from the very beginning.
- It throws an exception.
The continue statement inside loops, including a while loop, causes the program to skip any code following it in the current iteration and jump to the next iteration. It doesn't break out of the loop but just moves to the evaluation of the loop's condition for the next iteration.
You are developing a high-frequency trading system where performance is critical. Which data type should be chosen to store price data to ensure both performance and precision?
- int
- double
- char
- long double
In high-frequency trading, price data often requires floating-point precision due to fractional values. The double datatype strikes a balance between precision and performance. While long double offers more precision, it can be slower and is overkill for most financial data.
You are working on a large-scale application with multiple developers. One of your responsibilities is to design a library of functions to perform common tasks. What considerations might guide your decisions on when to use inline functions and default arguments?
- Only use default arguments to ensure backward compatibility.
- Use inline functions for all small computations irrespective of frequency.
- Use inline functions selectively based on performance metrics.
- Apply default arguments to simplify function calls.
When designing a library for a large-scale application, inline functions should be used selectively, especially when performance metrics indicate a clear benefit. Meanwhile, default arguments can simplify function calls but should be used judiciously to maintain clarity.
What is the primary difference between abstraction and encapsulation in C++?
- Abstraction hides details; encapsulation bundles them.
- Abstraction uses inheritance; encapsulation doesn't.
- Abstraction is a data type; encapsulation is a method.
- Encapsulation is a principle; abstraction is an attribute.
The primary difference between abstraction and encapsulation in C++ lies in their purposes and implementations. Abstraction focuses on hiding the complex reality of an object and showing only the necessary features, essentially giving a high-level view. On the other hand, encapsulation is about bundling data and the methods, shielding them from outside interference.
Can a friend function be a member function of another class?
- Always
- Never
- Only if it's a static member function.
- Yes, if it's declared as a friend in the original class.
A friend function can indeed be a member function of another class. In this context, one class allows a member function of another class to access its private and protected members by declaring that member function as a friend.
In a large-scale project involving network communication, what considerations might influence the design and use of custom exception classes to handle errors like network failures and message format issues?
- Granularity of error information.
- Easy debugging and logging.
- Ensuring exceptions don't introduce additional overhead in communication.
- Making network retries for every exception.
In large-scale networked applications, exceptions must be both descriptive and efficient. Custom exception classes can provide fine-grained information about the type of error, which can aid in debugging and remediation. However, the design should ensure that these exceptions don't add significant overhead to the system. It's a balance between providing enough information for diagnosis and ensuring efficient runtime behavior.
You're working with a loop structure that performs several operations...
- Use a conditional statement to execute the operation.
- Run the operation in a separate thread.
- Move the operation outside the loop.
- Cache the result of the operation for reuse.
By using a conditional statement, the computationally expensive operation can be executed only when necessary, rather than on every loop iteration. This ensures that the operation is only performed when required, saving computational resources and improving overall efficiency.
If class B is a friend of class A, this means that class B can access the _______ members of class A.
- public
- mutable
- private
- static
When one class is declared as a friend of another class, it means the friend class can access the private and protected members of the class it befriends. It doesn't relate to static or mutable specifically and isn't limited by the public access specifier.