Chapter 1  Introduction to Philosophy
	Introduction
	1.1 What Is Philosophy?
	1.2 How Do Philosophers Arrive at Truth?
	1.3 Socrates as a Paradigmatic Historical Philosopher
	1.4 An Overview of Contemporary Philosophy
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 2  Critical Thinking, Research, Reading, and Writing
	Introduction
	2.1 The Brain Is an Inference Machine
	2.2 Overcoming Cognitive Biases and Engaging in Critical Reflection
	2.3 Developing Good Habits of Mind
	2.4 Gathering Information, Evaluating Sources, and Understanding Evidence
	2.5 Reading Philosophy
	2.6 Writing Philosophy Papers
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 3  The Early History of Philosophy around the World
	Introduction
	3.1 Indigenous Philosophy
	3.2 Classical Indian Philosophy
	3.3 Classical Chinese Philosophy
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 4  The Emergence of Classical Philosophy
	Introduction
	4.1 Historiography and the History of Philosophy
	4.2 Classical Philosophy
	4.3 Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Philosophy
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 5  Logic and Reasoning
	Introduction
	5.1 Philosophical Methods for Discovering Truth
	5.2 Logical Statements
	5.3 Arguments
	5.4 Types of Inferences
	5.5 Informal Fallacies
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 6  Metaphysics
	Introduction
	6.1 Substance
	6.2 Self and Identity
	6.3 Cosmology and the Existence of God
	6.4 Free Will
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 7  Epistemology
	Introduction
	7.1 What Epistemology Studies
	7.2 Knowledge
	7.3 Justification
	7.4 Skepticism
	7.5 Applied Epistemology
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 8  Value Theory
	Introduction
	8.1 The Fact-Value Distinction
	8.2 Basic Questions about Values
	8.3 Metaethics
	8.4 Well-Being
	8.5 Aesthetics
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 9  Normative Moral Theory
	Introduction
	9.1 Requirements of a Normative Moral Theory
	9.2 Consequentialism
	9.3 Deontology
	9.4 Virtue Ethics
	9.5 Daoism
	9.6 Feminist Theories of Ethics
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 10  Applied Ethics
	Introduction
	10.1 The Challenge of Bioethics
	10.2 Environmental Ethics
	10.3 Business Ethics and Emerging Technology
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 11  Political Philosophy
	Introduction
	11.1 Historical Perspectives on Government
	11.2 Forms of Government
	11.3 Political Legitimacy and Duty
	11.4 Political Ideologies
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
	Further Reading
Chapter 12  Contemporary Philosophies and Social Theories
	Introduction
	12.1 Enlightenment Social Theory
	12.2 The Marxist Solution
	12.3 Continental Philosophy’s Challenge to Enlightenment Theories
	12.4 The Frankfurt School
	12.5 Postmodernism
	Summary
	Key Terms
	References
	Review Questions
Index