Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Human Behavior in Geospatial Context
	1 Human Brain and Behavior in Geospatial Context
		General Background
		A Case Study: Inequalities in Area-Level Environment and Brain Health
		Looking Forward
	2 How Can Concepts of Ethology Be Applied to Large-Scale Digital Data?
		Abstract
		Reflecting on Observation
		From Data Sampling to Knowledge Extraction
		Inferring Causality
		Common and Specific
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Appendix 2.1: Glossary
	3 Paths to Public Benefit
		Abstract
		Introduction: Physical, Natural, and Built Environment Measurement for Digital Ethology
		Types of Digital Data on Physical, Built, and Natural Environments
		Who Has Input and Access to Environmental Data and Metadata from Digital Surveillance?
		Using Data
		Audience Engagement to Refine and Disseminate Knowledge
		Future Directions
		Setting the Stage for Sustainable Change
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
	4 Characterizing Social Environments in the Physical and Virtual Worlds Using Digital Data
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Describing Social Environments
		Context Can Affect Social Behavior
		Social Environments and the Virtual World
		Using Digital Data to Learn about Social Environments
		Open Questions
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
	5 Integrating Knowledge from Individual Data to Population-Level Data
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Knowledge Acquisition through Data Integration: From the Individual to Populations
		Quality Considerations
		Barriers to Multiscale Integration of Individual and Population Data
		Ethical and Legal Considerations
		Conclusions and Additional Directions
		Acknowledgments
Mapping Place-Based Context
	6 Geospatial Information Technology Systems for Digital Ethology
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Geospatial Information
		Geospatial IT Systems
		Conclusions
	7 What Types of Physical and Built Environment Can We Find in Digital Data?
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Physical and Built Environments
		Digital Data Sources
		Key Considerations
		Conclusions
		Appendix 7.1: Explanation of Useful Terms
	8 How Cities Influence Social Behavior
		Abstract
		Cities as Complex Systems
		Urban Form across Scales
		Urban Morphology
		Cities and Human Behavior
		Mapping Context
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
Human Behavior: Real and Digital
	9 Leveraging Video Footage for Ethological Observation of Human Behavior
		Abstract
		A Video-Based Human Ethology
		Video Observation as a Method
		Bystander Helping in the Wild
		Prospects and Challenges
		Closing Remarks
		Acknowledgments
	10 Geolocation-Centric Monitoring and Characterization of Social Media Chatter for Public Health
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Social Media and Health
		COVID-19
		Substance Use
		Ethical Considerations of Utilizing Social Media Data
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
Context and Health
	11 Integrating Knowledge from Individualand Aggregate-Level Data
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Nordic National Registers
		Aggregate-Level Data
		Combining Heterogeneous Data Sources
		Sharing Data
		Generating Knowledge
		Challenges
		Summary and Notes about Future Needs
		Acknowledgments
		Appendix 11.1: Useful Links
	12 Challenges in Data Science in the Use of Large-Scale Population Datasets for Scientific Inquiry
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Data, Information, Knowledge, and Action (DIKA)
		Open Questions and Challenges
		Other Considerations
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Subject Index
Strüngmann Forum Report Series